Table of Content
PREFACE xix PART I MACROSCOPIC VIEW 1 1 Chemical Process Perspective 3 1.1 Some Basic Concepts in Chemical Processing, 3 1.2 Acrylic Acid Production, 5 1.3 Biocatalytic Processes--Enzymatic Systems, 21 1.4 Basic Database, 24 Problems, 26 2 Macroscopic Mass Balances 28 2.1 Chemical Processing Systems, 28 2.2 Steady-State Mass Balances Without Chemical Reactions, 37 2.3 Steady-State Mass Balances with Single Chemical Reactions, 41 2.4 Steady-State Mass Balances with Multiple Chemical Reactions, 46 3 Macroscopic Energy and Entropy Balances 53 3.1 Basic Thermodynamic Functions, 53 3.2 Evaluation of H and S for Pure Materials, 55 3.3 Evaluation of H and S Functions for Mixtures, 59 3.4 Energy Flows and the First Law, 62 3.5 Energy Balances Without Reaction, 64 3.6 Energy Balances with Reaction-Ideal Solution, 70 3.7 Entropy Balances, 77 4 Macroscopic Momentum and Mechanical Energy Balances 86 4.1 Momentum Balance, 86 4.2 Mechanical Energy Balance, 88 4.3 Applications to Incompressible Flow Systems, 89 5 Completely Mixed Systems--Equipment Considerations 95 5.1 Mixing and Residence Time Distributions--Definitions, 95 5.2 Measurement and Interpretation of Residence Time Distributions, 97 5.3 Basic Aspects of Stirred Tank Design, 99 6 Separation and Reaction Processes in Completely Mixed Systems 107 6.1 Phase Equilibrium: Single-Stage Separation Operations, 107 6.2 Gas-Liquid Operations, 109 6.3 Flash Vaporization, 133 6.4 Liquid-Liquid Extraction, 145 6.5 Adsorption, 151 6.6 Single-Phase Stirred Tank Reactors, 159 6.7 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium, 174 PART II MICROSCOPIC VIEW 181 7 Multistage Separation and Reactor Operations 183 7.1 Absorption and Stripping, 183 7.2 Distillation, 200 7.3 Liquid-Liquid Extraction, 221 7.4 Multiple Reactor Stages, 235 7.5 Staged Fixed-Bed Converters for Exothermic Gas Phase Reaction, 238 8 Microscopic Equations of Change 243 8.1 Mass Flux: Average Velocities and Diffusion, 244 8.2 Momentum Flux: Stress Tensor, 249 8.3 Energy Flux: Conduction, 250 8.4 Balance Equations, 251 8.5 Entropy Balance and Flux Expressions, 254 8.6 Turbulence, 265 8.7 Application of Balance Equations, 269 9 Nonturbulent Isothermal Momentum Transfer 276 9.1 Rectangular Models, 276 9.2 Cylindrical Systems, 280 9.3 Spherical Systems, 287 9.4 Microfluidics--Gas Phase Systems, 289 10 Nonturbulent Isothermal Mass Transfer 296 10.1 Membranes, 296 10.2 Diffusion Models for Porous Solids, 307 10.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis, 311 10.4 Transient Adsorption by Porous Solid, 316 10.5 Diffusion with Laminar Flow, 318 11 Energy Transfer Under Nonturbulent Conditions 324 11.1 Conduction in Solids-Composite Walls, 325 11.2 Thermal Effects in Porous Catalysts, 327 11.3 Heat Transfer to Falling Film--Short Contact Times, 330 11.4 Moving Boundary Problem, 332 12 Isothermal Mass Transfer Under Turbulent Conditions 335 12.1 Intraphase Mass Transfer Coefficients, 335 12.2 Interphase Mass Transfer Coefficients--Controlling Resistances, 338 12.3 Measurement and Correlation of Mass Transfer Coefficients, 339 12.4 Fixed Beds, 342 12.5 Pipes, 345 12.7 Packed Towers--Gas Absorption, 349 12.8 Applification of Experimental Mass Transfer Coefficients, 357 13 Interphase Momentum Transfer Under Turbulent Conditions 367 13.1 Pressure Drop in Conduits and Fixed Beds, 368 13.2 Flow Over Submerged Spheres, 376 14 Interphase Energy Transfer Under Turbulent Conditions 384 14.1 Heat Transfer Coefficients--Analogy with Mass Transfer, 384 14.2 Heat Exchangers, 385 14.3 Multi-Tubular Catalytic Reactors, 395 15 Microscopic to Macroscopic 400 15.1 Macroscopic Mass Balance, 400 15.2 Macroscopic Energy Balance, 401 15.3 Macroscopic Mechanical Energy Balance, 402 APPENDIX A PERIODIC TABLE 405 APPENDIX B CONVERSION FACTORS 406 APPENDIX C PARTIAL DATABASE FOR ACRYLIC ACID PROCESS 409 APPENDIX D SOME MATHEMATICAL RESULTS 414 APPENDIX E MASS BALANCE IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES AND LAMINAR FLOW IN Z DIRECTION 418 NOMENCLATURE 419 REFERENCES 423 INDEX 427
