Reviews
«This book not only provides an interesting history of Church and State in Japan, but it also helps all Christians to understand what is involved in believing in Romans 13 in Japanese culture. It shows that, by the end of the war, Japanese Christians had exhausted most of their efforts in adapting to the Emperor system, which was authority demanding only obedience. But now they are doing genuinely creative work in the understanding of government and God that may prove to be in advance of what is taking place in Europe and America. The author is an historian of modern German thought who is working for peace by making _conscience_ the basis of action.» (Yasuo Furuya, Professor Emeritus, International Christian University, Tokyo, Editor and co-author, _A History of Japanese Theology_) «Over the ages Christians around the world have faced the central issue of how to deal with the authority of the secular state. There has always been a fine line dividing what belongs to Caesar from what belongs to God. Moreover, as the power of the state dramatically expanded in the Twentieth Century, and as the ideologies supporting such states adopted quasi-religious forms, these lines became more difficult to maintain. The great strength of transcendence, the ability to reject secular authority in the name of a higher value, be it God or Conscience, was sometimes weakened and even lost. And yet, even under the most adverse circumstances, Christianity continued to produce a small core of believers who were willing to criticize the state and existing order in the name of higher authority and a more perfect kingdom. Prof. Miyata_s book examines the development of modern Japanese Christianity from the perspective of _authority_ and _obedience_. It is both a personal reflection on the theological issues that Japanese wrestled with in confronting the state as well an a unique work of intellectual history that speaks profoundly to all who are interested in defending democracy and human rights against the power of authoritarian forces. Miyata feels that the question of what stance Japanese Christians were to take towards and Emperor system, which he sees as a political religion tied to Shinto nationalism, was _the most significant and most difficult issue that faced Christian evangelism in modern Japan_. Miyata shows us how an _early critical energy_, that challenged the state, gave way to compliance and the desire on the part of Japanese Protestants to align themselves with the nation-state. By the late 1930s and the outbreak of the Pacific War the Church, much to its later regret, found itself fully in support of Japan_s military expansion and imperial conquest of Asia. And yet, in the midst of such tragic conformity, there were a few rare voices who ran counter to the mainstream and retained a critical perspective on the Imperial state. Miyata remains hopeful for Japanese Christianity and the post-World-War-II years seeing it once again taking up its role as the _leaven_ of a society in which the remnants of a former _divine_ order remains heavily entrenched. The translator of Miyata_s book, Gregory Vanderbilt, should be commended for taking a difficult and sometimes convoluted text and turning it into a book of readable and often flowing prose.» (F.G. Notehelfer, Emeritus Professor of Japanese History, UCLA), «This book not only provides an interesting history of Church and State in Japan, but it also helps all Christians to understand what is involved in believing in Romans 13 in Japanese culture. It shows that, by the end of the war, Japanese Christians had exhausted most of their efforts in adapting to the Emperor system, which was authority demanding only obedience. But now they are doing genuinely creative work in the understanding of government and God that may prove to be in advance of what is taking place in Europe and America. The author is an historian of modern German thought who is working for peace by making 'conscience' the basis of action.» (Yasuo Furuya, Professor Emeritus, International Christian University, Tokyo, Editor and co-author, 'A History of Japanese Theology') «Over the ages Christians around the world have faced the central issue of how to deal with the authority of the secular state. There has always been a fine line dividing what belongs to Caesar from what belongs to God. Moreover, as the power of the state dramatically expanded in the Twentieth Century, and as the ideologies supporting such states adopted quasi-religious forms, these lines became more difficult to maintain. The great strength of transcendence, the ability to reject secular authority in the name of a higher value, be it God or Conscience, was sometimes weakened and even lost. And yet, even under the most adverse circumstances, Christianity continued to produce a small core of believers who were willing to criticize the state and existing order in the name of higher authority and a more perfect kingdom. Prof. Miyata's book examines the development of modern Japanese Christianity from the perspective of 'authority' and 'obedience'. It is both a personal reflection on the theological issues that Japanese wrestled with in confronting the state as well an a unique work of intellectual history that speaks profoundly to all who are interested in defending democracy and human rights against the power of authoritarian forces. Miyata feels that the question of what stance Japanese Christians were to take towards and Emperor system, which he sees as a political religion tied to Shinto nationalism, was 'the most significant and most difficult issue that faced Christian evangelism in modern Japan'. Miyata shows us how an 'early critical energy', that challenged the state, gave way to compliance and the desire on the part of Japanese Protestants to align themselves with the nation-state. By the late 1930s and the outbreak of the Pacific War the Church, much to its later regret, found itself fully in support of Japan's military expansion and imperial conquest of Asia. And yet, in the midst of such tragic conformity, there were a few rare voices who ran counter to the mainstream and retained a critical perspective on the Imperial state. Miyata remains hopeful for Japanese Christianity and the post-World-War-II years seeing it once again taking up its role as the 'leaven' of a society in which the remnants of a former 'divine' order remains heavily entrenched. The translator of Miyata's book, Gregory Vanderbilt, should be commended for taking a difficult and sometimes convoluted text and turning it into a book of readable and often flowing prose.» (F.G. Notehelfer, Emeritus Professor of Japanese History, UCLA), This book not only provides an interesting history of Church and State in Japan, but it also helps all Christians to understand what is involved in believing in Romans 13 in Japanese culture. It shows that, by the end of the war, Japanese Christians had exhausted most of their efforts in adapting to the Emperor system, which was authority demanding only obedience. But now they are doing genuinely creative work in the understanding of government and God that may prove to be in advance of what is taking place in Europe and America. The author is an historian of modern German thought who is working for peace by making 'conscience' the basis of action. (Yasuo Furuya, Professor Emeritus, International Christian University, Tokyo, Editor and co-author, 'A History of Japanese Theology') Over the ages Christians around the world have faced the central issue of how to deal with the authority of the secular state. There has always been a fine line dividing what belongs to Caesar from what belongs to God. Moreover, as the power of the state dramatically expanded in the Twentieth Century, and as the ideologies supporting such states adopted quasi-religious forms, these lines became more difficult to maintain. The great strength of transcendence, the ability to reject secular authority in the name of a higher value, be it God or Conscience, was sometimes weakened and even lost. And yet, even under the most adverse circumstances, Christianity continued to produce a small core of believers who were willing to criticize the state and existing order in the name of higher authority and a more perfect kingdom. Prof. Miyata's book examines the development of modern Japanese Christianity from the perspective of 'authority' and 'obedience'. It is both a personal reflection on the theological issues that Japanese wrestled with in confronting the state as well an a unique work of intellectual history that speaks profoundly to all who are interested in defending democracy and human rights against the power of authoritarian forces. Miyata feels that the question of what stance Japanese Christians were to take towards and Emperor system, which he sees as a political religion tied to Shinto nationalism, was 'the most significant and most difficult issue that faced Christian evangelism in modern Japan'. Miyata shows us how an 'early critical energy', that challenged the state, gave way to compliance and the desire on the part of Japanese Protestants to align themselves with the nation-state. By the late 1930s and the outbreak of the Pacific War the Church, much to its later regret, found itself fully in support of Japan's military expansion and imperial conquest of Asia. And yet, in the midst of such tragic conformity, there were a few rare voices who ran counter to the mainstream and retained a critical perspective on the Imperial state. Miyata remains hopeful for Japanese Christianity and the post-World-War-II years seeing it once again taking up its role as the 'leaven' of a society in which the remnants of a former 'divine' order remains heavily entrenched. The translator of Miyata's book, Gregory Vanderbilt, should be commended for taking a difficult and sometimes convoluted text and turning it into a book of readable and often flowing prose. (F.G. Notehelfer, Emeritus Professor of Japanese History, UCLA)
